The comparison of reading comprehension taught by using stad and jigsaw techn An Example of a Qualitative Research Design. My thesis proposal. Survey research. Action research related to Classroom problems. Effective Reading Strategy. Another journal article on Differentiated Reading.
Powerpoint Presentation: research design using quantitative method. Related Books Free with a 30 day trial from Scribd. Related Audiobooks Free with a 30 day trial from Scribd. Yvonne Pono. Candice Mier. Rosela Ancheta. Suci Efendi. Show More. Views Total views. Actions Shares. No notes for slide. An Example of a Quantitative Research Design 1.
To improve the quality of teaching English Literature, over the years the integration of Information and Communication Technology ICT in the teaching of literature is seen as an important aspect. It further seeks the problems and challenges that may hinder the use of ICT in literature lessons. For that purpose, 30 English teachers from various secondary schools in the state of Sarawak have been selected as the sample.
They were given questionnaires and SPSS for Microsoft Windows was used to complete the analysis of the collected data. The study revealed that ICT is used on the satisfactory level by the teachers. In addition, the teachers possessed an acceptable positive attitudes towards the use of ICT tools in Literature lessons. However, the analysis of the data also showed several challenges that might hamper the possibility of using ICT in Literature lessons.
To conclude, there should be more actions that should be taken to promote the use of ICT in Literature lessons in the future. Keywords: attitude, challenges, ICT, literature component, Malaysian secondary schools, teachers 2. Introduction In Malaysian secondary schools, the teaching and learning of English Literature began since the year and has evolved over the time.
The incorporation of literature in the English syllabus is seen as an important aspect to help learners engage in a wider reading of good works and for enjoyment and self-development. The students are taught on four different genres including the poem, short story, drama and also novel.
Currently, the students are learning the third set of the prescribed texts, starting from the year Chacko in his study stated that learning literature is not easy and since the implementation of literature in the English syllabus, a lot of responses and concerns come from various parties including the students and the teachers.
Students with low English language proficiency or students who lack in terms of the language repertoire do not welcome English literature. Due to their inability to comprehend the texts, they are not able to proceed to a more challenging activity. They become students who are passive in the classroom and merely act as listeners as they expect teachers to be the one doing all the talking throughout the learning process and at the same time, leaving it all to the teachers to make the Literature lesson a meaningful and interesting one.
To make matters worse, in a study conducted by Marzilah and Sharifah Nadia it is revealed that most teachers do not know the best method or approaches to teach Literature.
Thus, it is not surprising to find increasing interest, attention and investment put into the use of information and communication technology ICT in the teaching and learning process as ICT has proven to raise educational quality and it has the ability to connect to real-life situations and transforming a teaching environment into a learner-centered one Fu, The use of ICT brings about a creative and great learning environments and according to Volman and Eck as cited by Singh and Chan , it is able to transform the teaching and learning process in such a way that it presents knowledge in an active, self-directed and constructive way.
ICT is not only considered as a tool but also as an instrument to support new ways of teaching and learning process. Adding to this, the Malaysia Government has developed the Education Blueprint which specifies a comprehensive plan for a rapid transformation of our education system.
A maximize use of ICT for distance and self-paced learning to expand capacity and allow for more customized learning is one of the strategy to scale up quality learning across Malaysia Ministry of Education Malaysia, The use of ICT in the classroom for the teaching and learning is very important to provide opportunities for students to learn and operate in the information age.
However, successful integration of ICT in teaching and learning process is highly dependent on the preparation and attitudes of teachers. Undeniably that there are ICT tools available and easily accessible 3. One of the factors that determine the development and innovation in public education is the teachers because they are the people who use ICT investment for the development of education. Hence, this article serves as the platform to find out the attitudes towards using ICT in teaching Literature lessons among ESL teachers focusing on those currently teaching in Sarawak.
An examination of the demographic features of teachers in connection with ICT attitude is also included to have a detailed understanding on the topic.
Literature Review 2. One of the most important skills that can be developed in the study of literature is reading. The process of reading literature requires that a student engage with literary texts based on their past experiences, knowledge and worldview.
Students would be able to acquire the skill of expressing their understanding and views of issues and themes portrayed in literary texts from the dynamic reading, thinking and interpreting process. A study by Marzilah and Sharifah Nadia indicated that with the exposure to texts of various genres and cultural contexts, students would also learn about intercultural engagement from literary texts that portray cultural and ideological differences.
Hence, the learning of Literature provides a space for students for critical engagement with issues, themes and text constructions that are authentic and relevant in the real world. Literature learning would expose students to different texts and contexts as literary texts are not only rich resources for language learning but importantly, sites for the development of critical thinking skills.
It may not be easy to strike a balance between making sure that Literature be the tool to promote literacy and be the tool for pure enjoyment but it is also not 4. In order to teach Literature to students, there are several ways to deliver the content of Literature and to ensure that students both enjoy and able to learn something from it. In a study by Marzilah and Sharifah Nadia , it is found that teachers merely explain and opted for answering comprehension questions techniques or in other words the teachers only manage to teach Literature by using the traditional method.
This way of teaching Literature is rather boring to the students and not to mention it only focuses on the pronunciation and vocabulary aspect of learning Literature. Accessed on March 12, Greenbaum, T. Moderating focus groups: A practical guide for group facilitation. Heisley, D. Autodriving: A photoelicitation technique. Journal of Consumer Research, 18 3 , — Hirschman, E. Humanistic inquiry in marketing research: Philosophy, method, and criteria.
Journal of Marketing Research, 23 3 , — Hudson, L. Alternative ways of seeking knowledge in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 14 4 , — Johnstone, M. Social influence and green consumption behaviour: A need for greater government involvement.
Journal of Business Ethics, 2 , — An exploration of environmentally-conscious consumers and the reasons why they do not buy green products. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 33 5 , — Lederman, L.
Assessing educational effectiveness: The focus group interview as a technique for data collection? Communication Education, 39 2 , — Lincoln, Y.
Naturalistic inquiry. Maxwell, J. Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Mcdonald, S. Communication strategies for sustainable technologies: Identifying patterns of behaviour. Greening of Industry Network Conference. University of Cardiff. Miles, M. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook.
When to use focus groups and why. Audience Finally, researchers write for audiences that will accept their research. These audiences may be journal editors and readers, faculty committees, conference attendees, or colleagues in the field. Students should consider the approaches typically supported and used by their advisers. The experiences of these audiences with quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods studies can shape the decision made about the choice of design.
SUMMARY In planning a research project, researchers need to identify whether they will employ a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods approach. This approach is based on bringing together a worldview or assumptions about research, a specific design, and research methods.
Decisions about choice of an approach are further influenced by the research problem or issue being studied, the personal experiences of the researcher, and the audience for whom the researcher writes. Writing Exercises 1. Identify a research question in a journal article and discuss what approach would be best to study the question and why.
Take a topic that you would like to study, and using the four combinations of worldviews, designs, and research methods in Figure 1. Identify whether this would be quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods research.
Use the typical scenarios that I have advanced in this chapter as a guide. What distinguishes a quantitative study from a qualitative study?
Mention three characteristics. Notes on pragmatism and scientific realism. Educational Researcher, 14, 13— Cleo Cherryholmes discusses pragmatism as a contrasting perspective from scientific realism. The strength of this article lies in the numerous citations of writers about pragmatism and a clarification of one version of pragmatism. Also included in this article are numerous references to historical and recent writers about pragmatism as a philosophical position.
Crotty, M. The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspective in the research process. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Michael Crotty offers a useful framework for tying together the many epistemological issues, theoretical perspectives, methodology, and methods of social research. He interrelates the four components of the research process and shows in a table a representative sampling of topics of each component. He then goes on to discuss nine different theoretical orientations in social research, such as postmodernism, feminism, critical inquiry, interpretivism, constructionism, and positivism.
Kemmis, S. Participatory action research and the study of practice. Atweh, S. Weeks Eds. New York: Routledge.
Stephen Kemmis and Mervyn Wilkinson provide an excellent overview of participatory research. In particular, they note the six major features of this inquiry approach and then discuss how action research is practiced at the individual, the social, or at both levels. Lincoln, Y.
Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences revisited. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Yvonna Lincoln, Susan Lynham, and Egon Guba have provided the basic beliefs of five alternative inquiry paradigms in social science research: a positivism, b post-positivism, c critical theory, d constructivism, and e participatory.
These extend the earlier analysis provided in the first and second editions of the handbook. Each is presented in terms of ontology i. The participatory paradigm adds another alternative paradigm to those originally advanced in the first edition. After briefly presenting these five approaches, they contrast them in terms of seven issues, such as the nature of knowledge, how knowledge accumulates, and goodness or quality criteria. Mertens, D. Transformative research and evaluation.
New York: Guilford. Donna Mertens has devoted an entire text to advancing the transformative paradigm and the process of transformative research.
In this book she also discusses the research procedures of sampling, consent, reciprocity, data collection methods and instruments, data analysis and interpretation, and reporting. Phillips, D. Postpositivism and educational research. Phillips and Nicholas Burbules summarize the major ideas of postpostivist thinking. These include knowing that human knowledge is conjectural rather than unchallengeable and that our warrants for knowledge can be withdrawn in light of further investigations.
This literature review helps to determine whether the topic is worth studying, and it provides insight into ways in which the researcher can limit the scope to a needed area of inquiry. This chapter continues the discussion about preliminary considerations before launching into a proposal.
It begins with a discussion about selecting a topic and writing this topic down so that the researcher can continually reflect on it. At this point, researchers also need to consider whether the topic can and should be researched. Then the discussion moves into the actual process of reviewing the literature; addressing the general purpose for using literature in a study; and then turning to principles helpful in designing literature into qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods studies.
The topic becomes the central idea to learn about or to explore. There are several ways that researchers gain some insight into their topics when they are initially planning their research my assumption is that the topic is chosen by the researcher and not by an adviser or committee member.
One way is to draft a brief working title to the study. I am surprised at how often researchers fail to draft a title early in the development of their projects. It becomes an orienting device. I find that in my research, this topic grounds me and provides a sign of what I am studying, as well as a sign useful for conveying to others the central notion of my study. When students first provide their research project idea to me, I often ask them to supply a working title if they do not already have one written down on paper.
How would this working title be written? A common shortcoming of beginning researchers is that they frame their study in complex and erudite language. This perspective may result from reading published articles that have undergone numerous revisions before being set in print. Good, sound research projects begin with straightforward, uncomplicated thoughts that are easy to read and understand. Think about a journal article that you have read recently. If it was easy and quick to read, it was likely written in general language that many readers could easily identify with in a way that was straightforward and simple in overall design and conceptualization.
As a project develops it will become more complicated. Wilkinson provided useful advice for creating a title: Be brief and avoid wasting words. Use a single title or a double title. Another strategy for topic development is to pose the topic as a brief question. What question needs to be answered in the proposed study?
Consider how this question might be expanded later to be more descriptive of your study see Chapters 6 and 7 on the purpose statement and research questions and hypotheses. Actively elevating this topic to a research study calls for reflecting on whether the topic can and should be researched.
A topic can be researched if a researcher has participants willing to serve in the study. The question of should is a more complex matter.
Several factors might go into this decision. Perhaps the most important are whether the topic adds to the pool of research knowledge in the literature available on the topic, replicates past studies, lifts up the voices of underrepresented groups or individuals, helps address social justice, or transforms the ideas and beliefs of the researcher.
A first step in any project is to spend considerable time in the library examining the research on a topic strategies for effectively using the library and library resources appear later in this chapter. This point cannot be overemphasized. Beginning researchers may advance a great study that is complete in every way, such as in the clarity of research questions, the comprehensiveness of data collection, and the sophistication of statistical analysis.
But the researcher may garner little support from faculty committees or conference planners because the study does not add anything new to the body of research. Given a choice between a topic that might be of limited regional interest or one of national interest, I would opt for the latter because it would have wide appeal to a much broader audience.
Journal editors, committee members, conference planners, and funding agencies all appreciate research that reaches a broad audience. Consider the time it takes to complete a project, revise it, and disseminate the results. All researchers should consider how the study and its heavy commitment of time will pay off in enhancing career goals, whether these goals relate to doing more research, obtaining a future position, or advancing toward a degree.
Before proceeding with a proposal or a study, one needs to weigh these factors and ask others for their reaction to a topic under consideration. Seek reactions from colleagues, noted authorities in the field, academic advisers, and faculty committee members. I often have students bring to me a one- page sketch of their proposed project that includes the problem or issue leading to a need for the study, the central research question they plan on asking, the types of data they will collect, and the overall significance of their study.
The literature review accomplishes several purposes. It shares with the reader the results of other studies that are closely related to the one being undertaken. It provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study as well as a benchmark for comparing the results with other findings.
Studies need to add to the body of literature on a topic, and literature sections in proposals are generally shaped from the larger problem to the narrower issue that leads directly into the methods of a study.
The Use of the Literature Beyond the question of why literature is used is the additional issue of how it is used in research and proposals. It can assume various forms. My best advice is to seek the opinion of your adviser or faculty members as to how they would like to see the literature addressed.
I generally recommend to my advisees that the literature review in a proposal be brief and provide a summary of the major studies on the research problem; it does not need to be fully developed and comprehensive at this point, since faculty may ask for major changes in the study at the proposal meeting.
In this model, the literature review is shorter—say 20 to 30 pages in length—and tells the reader that the student is aware of the literature on the topic and the latest writings.
This is the pattern for quantitative research articles in journals. For qualitative research articles, the literature review may be found in a separate section, included in the introduction, or threaded throughout the study.
Regardless of the form, another consideration is how the literature might be reviewed, depending on whether a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods approach has been selected. In general, the literature review can take several forms.
Cooper discussed four types: literature reviews that a integrate what others have done and said, b criticize previous scholarly works, c build bridges between related topics, and d identify the central issues in a field.
With the exception of criticizing previous scholarly works, most dissertations and theses serve to integrate the literature, organize it into a series of related topics often from general topics to narrower ones , and summarize the literature by pointing out the central issues. One of the chief reasons for conducting a qualitative study is that the study is exploratory. This usually means that not much has been written about the topic or the population being studied, and the researcher seeks to listen to participants and build an understanding based on what is heard.
However, the use of the literature in qualitative research varies considerably. In theoretically oriented studies, such as ethnographies or critical ethnographies, the literature on a cultural concept or a critical theory is introduced early in the report or proposal as an orienting framework.
In grounded theory, case studies, and phenomenological studies, literature is less often used to set the stage for the study.
With an approach grounded in learning from participants and variation by type, there are several models for incorporating the literature review into a qualitative study. I offer three placement locations, and it can be used in any or all of these locations.
As shown in Table 2. In this placement, the literature provides a useful backdrop for the problem or issue that has led to the need for the study, such as who has been writing about it, who has studied it, and who has indicated the importance of studying the issue.
This framing of the problem is, of course, contingent on available studies. One can find illustrations of this model in many qualitative studies employing different types of inquiry strategy. Table 2. This approach is used with those studies The literature is presented in a This approach is often acceptable to an audience employing a strong theory and literature separate section as a review of most familiar with the traditional postpositivist background at the beginning of a study, such as the literature.
The literature is presented in the This approach is most suitable for the inductive This approach is used in all types of qualitative study at the end; it becomes a process of qualitative research; the literature does designs, but it is most popular with grounded basis for comparing and not guide and direct the study but becomes an aid theory, where one contrasts and compares a contrasting findings of the once patterns or categories have been identified.
A second form is to review the literature in a separate section, a model typically used in quantitative research, often found in journals with a quantitative orientation. In theory-oriented qualitative studies, such as ethnography, critical theory, or with a transformative aim, the inquirer might locate the theory discussion and literature in a separate section, typically toward the beginning of the write-up.
Third, the researcher may incorporate the related literature in the final section, where it is used to compare and contrast with the results or themes or categories to emerge from the study. This model is especially popular in grounded theory studies, and I recommend it because it uses the literature inductively. Quantitative research, on the other hand, includes a substantial amount of literature at the beginning of a study to provide direction for the research questions or hypotheses.
Also, the literature review can introduce a theory—an explanation for expected relationships see Chapter 3 —describe the theory that will be used, and suggest why it is a useful theory to examine. At the end of a study, the researcher then revisits the literature and makes a comparison between the results with the existing findings in the literature.
In this model, the quantitative researcher uses the literature deductively as a framework for the research questions or hypotheses.
In a mixed methods study, the researcher uses either a qualitative or a quantitative approach to the literature, depending on the type of strategy being used.
In a sequential approach, the literature is presented in each phase in a way consistent with the method being used. For example, if the study begins with a quantitative phase, then the investigator is likely to include a substantial literature review that helps to establish a rationale for the research questions or hypotheses.
If the study begins with a qualitative phase, then the literature is substantially less, and the researcher may incorporate it more into the end of the study—an inductive approach.
If the researcher advances a concurrent study with an equal weight and emphasis on both qualitative and quantitative data, then the literature may take either qualitative or quantitative forms. To recap, the literature use in a mixed methods project will depend on the strategy and the relative weight given to the qualitative or quantitative research in the study.
Keep in mind the options: placing it at the beginning to frame the problem, placing it in a separate section, and using it at the end to compare and contrast with the findings. Design Techniques Regardless of the type of study, several steps are useful in conducting a literature review. Steps in Conducting a Literature Review A literature review means locating and summarizing the studies about a topic.
Often these are research studies since you are conducting a research study , but they may also include conceptual articles or opinion pieces that provide frameworks for thinking about topics.
There is no single way to conduct a literature review, but many scholars proceed in a systematic fashion to capture, evaluate, and summarize the literature. Here is the way I recommend: 1. Begin by identifying key words, which is useful in locating materials in an academic library at a college or university.
These key words may emerge in identifying a topic or may result from preliminary readings. With these key words in mind, go next to the library or use your home computer and begin searching the catalog for holdings i. Most major libraries have computerized databases, and I suggest you focus initially on journals and books related to the topic. Initially, try to locate about 50 reports of research in articles or books related to research on your topic.
Set a priority on the search for journal articles and books because they are easy to locate and obtain. Determine whether these articles and books exist in your academic library or whether you need to send for them by interlibrary loan or purchase them through a bookstore. Skim this initial group of articles or chapters, and duplicate those that are central to your topic.
Throughout this process, simply try to obtain a sense as to whether the article or chapter will make a useful contribution to your understanding of the literature. As you identify useful literature, begin designing a literature map to be discussed more fully later.
This is a visual picture or figure of groupings of the literature on the topic that illustrates how your particular study will contribute to the literature, positioning your study within the larger body of research. As you put together the literature map, also begin to draft summaries of the most relevant articles.
These summaries are combined into the final literature review that you write for your proposal or research study. Include precise references to the literature using an appropriate style guide, such as the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association American Pscyhological Association [APA], so that you have a complete reference to use at the end of the proposal or study.
After summarizing the literature, assemble the literature review, structuring it thematically or organizing it by important concepts. Searching Computerized Databases To ease the process of collecting relevant material, there are some techniques useful in accessing the literature quickly through databases.
Computer databases of the literature are now available in academic libraries and through the Internet, and they provide easy access to thousands of journals, conference papers, and materials on many different topics. Academic libraries at major universities have purchased commercial databases as well as obtained databases in the public domain. Only a few of the major databases available will be reviewed here, but they are the major sources to journal articles and documents that you should consult to determine what literature is available on your topic.
Department of Education. This database can be found a t www. The collection includes journal articles, books, research syntheses, conference papers, technical reports, policy papers, and other education-related materials.
ERIC indexes more than hundreds of journals, and links are available to full-text copies of many of the materials. To best utilize ERIC, it is important to identify appropriate descriptors for your topic, the terms used by indexers to categorize article or documents.
A research tip in conducting an ERIC search is to locate recent journal articles and documents on your topic. This process can be enhanced by conducting a preliminary search using descriptors from the online thesaurus and locating a journal article or document which is on your topic. Then look closely at the descriptors used in this article and document and run another search using these terms. This procedure will maximize the possibility of obtaining a good list of articles for your literature review.
Another free database to search is Google Scholar. It provides a way to broadly search for literature across many disciplines and sources, such as peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts, and articles from academic publishers, professional societies, universities, and other scholarly organizations. The articles identified in a Google Scholar search provide links to abstracts, related articles, electronic versions of articles affiliated with a library you specify, web searches for information about this work, and opportunities to purchase the full text of the article.
Researchers can obtain abstracts to publications in the health sciences through the free-access PubMed. This database is a service of the U. PubMed includes links to full-text articles located in academic libraries and other related resources.
This MeSH terminology provides a consistent way to retrieve information about topics that may be described using different terms.
Academic libraries also have site licenses to important commercial databases. The company provides more than databases and nearly , e-books. Because EBSCO taps into many different databases, it can be one search tool to use before using more specialized databases. Another commercially licensed database found in many academic libraries is Sociological Abstracts Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, www.
This database indexes over 2, journals; conference papers; relevant dissertation listings; book reviews; and selected books in sociology, social work, and related disciplines. For literature in the field of psychology and related areas, consult another commercial database: PsycINFO www. This database indexes 2, journal titles, books, and dissertations from many countries. It covers the field of psychology as well as psychological aspects of physiology, linguistics, anthropology, business, and law.
It has a Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms to locate useful terms in a literature search. It indexes 1, journals spanning 50 disciplines and selectively indexes relevant items from over 3, scientific and technical journals. It can be used to locate articles and authors who have conducted research on a topic. It is especially useful in locating studies that have referenced an important study. The SSCI enables you to trace all studies since the publication of the key study that have cited the work.
Using this system, you can develop a chronological list of references that document the historical evolution of an idea or study. This chronological list can be most helpful in tracking the development of ideas about your literature review topic. A Priority for Selecting Literature Material I recommend that you establish a priority in a search of the literature.
What types of literature might be reviewed and in what priority? Consider the following: 1. You might also look for summaries of the literature on your topic presented in journal articles or abstract series e. Next, turn to journal articles in respected national journals—especially those that report research studies. By research, I mean that the author or authors pose a question or hypothesis, collect data, and try to answer the question or hypothesis.
There are journals widely read in your field, and typically they are publications with a high-quality editorial board consisting of individuals from around the United States or abroad.
By turning to the first few pages, you can determine if an editorial board is listed and whether it is made up of individuals from around the country or world. Start with the most recent issues of the journals, and look for studies about your topic and then work backward in time. Follow up on references at the end of the articles for more sources to examine. Turn to books related to the topic.
Begin with research monographs that summarize the scholarly literature. Then consider entire books on a single topic by a single author or group of authors or books that contain chapters written by different authors. Follow this search by looking for recent conference papers. Look for major national conferences and the papers delivered at them. Often, conference papers report the latest research developments. Most major conferences either require or request that authors submit their papers for inclusion in computerized indices.
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